김경효 교수는 이화여자대학교 의과대학 졸업 후 소아과 전문의와 박사학위를 취득하였다. 미국 Washington University in St. Louis에서 postdoctoral fellow로서 면역 및 백신 연구를 하였고 1993년부터 이화여자대학교 의과대학 소아과학교실 교수로 재직하고 있다. 소아감염과 백신의 기초 및 임상 연구를 다수 수행하고 있으며 식약처 및 질병관리본부의 백신 관련 기초, 임상 및 정책 연구에 지속적으로 참여하고 있다. 2002년에는 미국 University of Alabama at Birmingham에서 교환교수로서 백신 연구를 수행하였다. 소아청소년과의 소아감염 세부전문의이다. 이화여자대학교 의과대학 소아과학교실 주임교수, 이대목동병원 소아청소년과장, 이대목동병원 임상시험센터장 역임하였다. 학회에서는 대한소아과학회 감염이사, 대한소아감염학회 화장 및 대한백신학회 부회장으로 활발한 학술 활동을 펼친 바 있다. 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 내 백신효능연구센터 (http://vaccine.ewha.ac.kr)를 2006년 설립하여 현재까지 센터장으로서 매년 외국의 백신 연구 석학과 국내 전문가를 초빙하여 백신 연구의 최신 지견 및 연구 동향을 발표하는 이화백신심포지움을 개최하여 백신 연구 및 평가의 선도 기관으로 인정받고 있다. 이화백신효능연구센터에서 수행한 면역원성 평가 백신들은 현재 국내외에서 승인되어 사용되고 있다. 2014년 8월부터 2017년 7월까지 이화여자대학교 의과대학장 의학전문대학원장을 역임하였다. 2016년부터는 WHO PCV 백신 자문위원으로, 2018년부터는 대한민국의학한림원 정회원으로 활동하고 있다.
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